Host definition, a person who receives or entertains guests at home or elsewhere: the host at a theater party. Jan 07, 2018 Verb. Hostess (third-person singular simple present hostesses, present participle hostessing, simple past and past participle hostessed) To host, as a woman. ![]() ![]() As landscapes mature, shaded areas develop. An excellent perennial plant for shade is hosta, also called plantain lily. Originally from the Orient, hosta, a herbaceous perennial, is grown for its attractive foliage. Some recent cultivars also have attractive and/or fragrant flowers. Because hosta's foliage dies to the ground at 28°F or below, it does not provide winter display; however, it combines well with the summer appearance of landscape plants that do provide winter interest. Hostas vary in height from 2 inches to 4 feet tall. They have tubular or trumpet-like flowers of white, lavender, blue, bluish bicolors and purple. Foliage colors are green, yellow, white and blue, and center or edge variegation is common. Leaf texture ranges from smooth to crinkled or seersucker, and surface ranges from dull to glossy. Hostas with glossy leaves appear richer in color than the dull-leaved varieties. Leaf shapes vary from rounded to oval, heart-shaped to strap-like. The leaf may be flat, wavy-edged or somewhat contorted. Immature or juvenile hostas do not exhibit adult leaf shape or color; adult foliage characteristics develop three or more years after planting. Depending on both cultivar and site, most hostas spread slowly by underground stems. Some cultivars have horizontal, above-ground stems which make them useful as ground covers. While site and maintenance practices affect mature height and spread, proper location and care can make hosta a long-lived and valuable landscape plant. For best performance, plant hostas in well-drained, slightly acidic, soil. Once established, hostas are drought tolerant, but they require regular moisture for best appearance and size. To improve the soil's water and oxygen-holding capacity, add organic matter one-third by volume. Spade or rototill organic matter to an 8-inch depth. Avoid planting hostas in a poorly drained location. Root and crown rot are prevalent in hostas planted in such sites. In most climates, hostas grow best in shade, although some cultivars such as 'Sum and Substance', 'Honeybells', 'Lancifolia' and 'Green Wedge' will tolerate partial sun. While there are exceptions, yellow-foliaged cultivars are usually more tolerant of sun exposure; blue-foliaged cultivars prefer shade. Sun-tolerant cultivars receiving some morning sun will produce more flowers than plants in all-day shade. Select a site that receives some wind protection as low humidity wind causes leaf browning or desiccation. Most cultivars will be damaged by winds in excess of 35 mph. While most plants will recover from wind damage, leaves developing after damage occurs aren't as attractive as the initial foliage. In addition to wind and hail protection, a site also should have good air circulation. Plant, transplant and divide hostas in spring or late summer. Although it is not necessary to divide hostas, doing so increases plant numbers. Divide hostas either in spring or toward the end of summer, after the end of bloom and summer heat. Dividing hostas may be done in two ways, using clean, sharp tools: (1) cut into the plant to slice away a section of a clump, being sure to include roots; or (2) lift the whole hosta, including the roots, from the ground and divide the clump into separate plants. Keep the plant and its roots moist. Dig a hole as deep as the root ball and one-and-a-half times as wide. Place the hosta into the hole with the crown at soil level and add soil as needed. Do not bury the crown. After summer transplanting, at least one growing season must pass before active above-ground growth will resume. Because most hostas are native to habitat with 50 inches or more of rain per year, supplemental irrigation is necessary. Drip, soaker hose or a similar system is preferred to avoid wetting the foliage, reduce foliar disease problems and maintain color intensity of blue foliaged cultivars. Don't apply excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. No more than one-eighth pound of actual nitrogen is needed for a 125-square-foot bed of hostas. High nitrogen applications result in soft foliage which readily wilts and is subject to foliar diseases. High nitrogen also diminishes the intensity of the variegated pattern. If fertilizer is needed, apply a slow-release fertilizer just as growth begins in spring. In early summer, apply a loose, noncompacting mulch to inhibit weed growth, reduce water loss and lessen soil compaction. Mulch should be about 1 inch deep. A thicker layer of mulch is likely to promote slug populations. Water in the mornings so the mulch surfaces dry before evening, and occasionally rake the mulch to improve air movement. In the winter, mulch protects the site from repeated freezing and thawing. A winter mulch also protects newly planted hostas. Before spring's new growth, remove the winter mulch along with leaf debris. Hostas are versatile in the landscape. Low-growing hostas can be placed at the front of a planting bed to form a distinct unifying edge. Their low growth habit, combined with their ability to spread, makes them a good groundcover selection. Taller hostas can be used as a backdrop for short shrubs and flowers. Hostas are an excellent way to help direct viewers' attention to specific landscape features. For example, hostas placed near a garden or building entrance can strongly accent and draw attention to the area. This effect is especially noticeable if they are placed in front of small-leaved plants. Scattered use of brightly-colored or unusual hostas, however, can draw attention away from other important landscape features, decreasing the orderliness in the landscape. Hostas also can be used to influence viewers' perceptions of the size of outdoor spaces. In landscapes where the plants are placed near the viewer and small-leaved plants are used in the background, the background appears more distant. Conversely, hostas viewed in the background of a landscape with small-leaved plants in the foreground tend to make the landscape seem smaller. © 1998, The Board of Regents of The University of Nebraska and the University of Nebraksa-Lincoln Extension Program. Reproduced with permission. Contents • • • • • Background [ ] (also called 'the high seas') have their own customs and usage, rules and articles, and. Unlike the case with, above the high-tide mark, where title, ownership, and sovereignty are created by law based around use and possession, no nation may claim as its territory the high seas, for continuous use and possession of them is impossible; as such, no nation may thus forbid through the high seas. The high seas, since they cannot be owned by anyone, are held, and every nation is held to have a separate and equal right to have its ships navigate over them; this is the concept of mare liberum, or the. As the sea is the common property of all, the perils of the sea and of navigation are shared by all mariners, and all nations. A law of amity and holds among the seafaring powers, especially in regard to matters related to the protection of life and to a lesser extent, property; for instance, the law stipulates the obligation of every mariner to assist those who are shipwrecked, and the obligation of every harbormaster to provide to any vessel in need during a storm, regardless of the flag it flies. Perhaps the oldest of the laws of the sea is the prohibition of, as the peril of being set upon by pirates, who are not motivated by national, is shared by the vessels and mariners of all nations, and thus represents a crime upon all nations. Since the time of the Ancient Romans, pirates have been held to be individuals waging private warfare, a private campaign of and, against not only their victims, but against all nations, and thus, pirates hold the peculiar status of being regarded as 'hostis humani generis', the enemies of humanity. Since piracy anywhere is a peril to every mariner and ship everywhere, it is held to be the universal right and the universal duty of all nations, regardless of whether their ships have been beset by the particular band of pirates in question, to capture, try by a regularly constituted or (in extreme circumstances, by means of a convened by the officers of the capturing ship), and, if found guilty, to the pirate via means of from the of the capturing ship, an authoritative. Although summary battlefield punishment was conducted by certain nations at certain times with regard to pirates, it was regarded as irregular (but lawful if the attenuation of due process was dictated by urgent military necessity), as individuals captured with pirates could potentially have a defense to charges of piracy, such as coercion. For instance, in early 1831, the 250-strong crew captured off was brought to Ascension and summarily hanged, as they were acting in a rebellious manner and threatening to overthrow the 30-man crew of HMS Falcon, a British sloop-of-war, which took them captive. As the summary punishment in this case was due to military necessity, there was clear evidence of the offense, and it was done proximate in time and location to the battlefield, it can be classified as merely irregular, and not a violation of the custom of the sea. In more recent times, much of the customary law of the sea has been codified. Piracy is the broadest exception to the principle that a ship on the is subject to the protection of, and jurisdiction of, its. Piracy is considered an offense of, such that any state may board and seize a ship engaged in piracy, and any state may try a pirate and impose punitive sanctions in accordance with that state's own laws. Piracy is defined in Article 101 of the, and the also regulates this exercise of jurisdiction. The tradition of classing the pirate as 'hostis humani generis' has been expanded to one other particular class of seafaring criminal, that of the, who, by trafficking in human flesh upon the high seas, is similarly held to be in a state of war against all humanity. These treaties, as well as the, allow states to act similarly against slavers. Although the tradition of has been in decline over the past several centuries and international treaties are held to have abolished it, privateering, or the use of private ships as raiders of commerce of the enemies of the sovereign whose flag the privateer flies, is not considered piracy but warfare against a particular national enemy, and thus does not represent a crime against the customary international law, provided those involved adhere to the law of naval warfare. Theorized extended usages of the term [ ] The land and airborne analogues of, and are not subject to universal jurisdiction in the same way as piracy; this is despite arguments that they should be. [ ] Instead these crimes, along with terrorism, torture, crimes against internationally protected persons and the financing of terrorism are subject to the principle (meaning prosecute or extradite). In the current global climate of international terrorism some commentators have called for terrorists of all sorts to be treated hostis humani generis. Other commentators, such as and various U.S. Federal court, have called for the extension of this hypothetical connection of 'hostis humani generis' from pirates to hijackers to terrorists all the way to that of '. Unlawful enemy combatants, or persons captured in war who do not fight on behalf of a recognized sovereign state, have become an increasingly common phenomenon in contemporary wars, such as,, and; nevertheless, 'unlawful enemy combatants' have also fought in wars of historical interest, including the American Revolutionary War. [ ] These commentators [ ] opine that because unlawful enemy combatants do not fight for a recognized sovereign state they are therefore 'hostis humani generis', and can be put on trial using a and subjected to for engaging in hostilities typically associated with warfare, such as throwing a grenade at soldiers in a battle or killing a soldier in a firefight. [ ] Actual extended usages of the term [ ] The only actual extension of 'hostis humani generis' blessed by courts of law has been its extension to torturers. This has been done by decisions of U.S. And international courts; specifically, in a case tried in the United States in 1980,,, the ruled that it could exercise jurisdiction over agents of the (in their ) who were found to have committed the crime of torture against a Paraguayan citizen, using its jurisdiction under the Offenses Clause of the, the, and. In deciding this, the court famously stated that 'Indeed, for purposes of civil liability, the torturer has become like the pirate and slave trader before him hostis humani generis, an enemy of all mankind.' This usage of the term hostis humani generis has been reinforced by the ruling of the in the conviction of a torturer in Prosecutor v. Furundžija, marking its acceptance as a peremptory norm, part of the customary international law, held as, applying, upon any and every state and human individual without exception or reservation whatsoever. See also [ ] • • • • • • • • • Section 105B(l) • Notes [ ]. • Ward, ed, Graham (2006-02-21). Submission to the Commission of Inquiry, ed. Australia: Ministry of Defense. Retrieved 2009-05-10. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list () • ^ Brantly, ed., W.T. The Columbian Star & Christian Index. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Martin & Bolden. Retrieved 2009-05-10. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list () • (also referred to as the “”) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 14 December 1973. Retrieved 2016-08-13. • Under the legal principles of the United States, the government of a nation, as a, cannot be held liable for willful or intentional acts against its, the, or its internal laws. This is because a government is a creature created by action of positive law, and therefore, as a creature of law, cannot act in a matter inimical to the very thing that gives it meaning. However, this poses a problem: what if a government does act unlawfully? How can this conduct be punished? Over the years, the courts have created a so as to give relief to victims of unlawful governmental acts. This fiction supposes that these unlawful acts are not engaged, conspired, or otherwise directed by the government in question, but by the individual officers of a government who carried out the unlawful acts. Therefore, even though a government may not be held liable for acts committed in its name, individual government agents who commit acts against the Constitution or the law of nations can be held personally liable. (Indeed, their liability is heightened, as they acted under, gravely aggravating the magnitude of the offense; see, (1908), as well as, (1971).) This provides an incentive to government agents not to ' when those 'orders' are criminal. • Article 1, Section 8, Clause 10 of the, which provides that the is granted the power to '[t]o define and punish Piracies and on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations'; this clause both expressly provides that the Congress may into federal law, and implicitly recognizes this law, or, as it has been known, since time immemorial, as the, as a source of law outside of the Constitution, like the is. Archived from on 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2008-09-10. And Noyes, J. 'International Law: Cases and Commentary (3rd ed.)', Page 148 (2006) Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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